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29 May 2009

I may not know anything about art, but I know what I like...

A week or so back along, or thereabouts, I posted a response to Dr C's comment on an Unreal nature entry. Then I took it down again, a few hours later, because it was garbage (my post was garbage, that is; not Dr C's comment). Since then, a conversation has ensued through another Unreal nature post and its comments followed by a post from Dr C himself along with its own cargo of comments.

Quite apart from the discussion itself, Ray Girvan's three artists' statements about his own work, "My Crime", are worth a hundred times the entry money on their own.

But ... for me, the content of the discussion is perpendicular to its subject. (And if you can make any sense out of that metaphor, please let me know!)

I've said before, more than once, that I don't think "what is art" debates can go anywhere. I just wrote a sentence about signification domains and platykurtic uncertainty envelopes, but that doesn't go anywhere either so put it aside.

Art is, in words used by Ms Heyward in another time and place, "what you think it is". That's it. That's all there is, except that "you" can take three (possibly more) meanings.

  1. You, the creator of the putative piece of art.
  2. You, the viewer of the putative piece of art.
  3. You, plural, a sufficiently significant number of people (who may not, curiously, in many cases, have either created or viewed the putative piece of art) to constitute an influential consensus.

So long as at least one "you" defines something as "art", then that something is art.

Number 3, the consensus, can be generated in any number of ways ... some spontaneous, some artificial. If the artist passionately believes that her/his work is art, that passion can persuade others. If an influential viewer believes that s/he is seeing art, that too can persuade others. Very occasionally a sufficient number of viewers share the same response and generate their own consensus.

Dr C suggests that there might not be a clear divide between "art" and "not art". I agree; I'm inclined to the view that the two poles are of dubious reality while the fuzzy space between them is manifest.

Ray suggests that if he displayed his "my crime" collection of ketchup bottles he would be thought deluded, or a charlatan. This belief on his part probably makes that outcome very likely, while belief in the display as art might have a chance of producing viewer consensus (as, of course, might a sufficiently convincing hypocritical pretence at belief).

I never really think about whether or not what I do is art; I just do it, because I want to or because (in an inner sense) I must. If asked, I would probably dither and, eventually, say "I don't know" (or just wander off with a headache). But Dr C is kind enough to describe some of it as art; and, by that moment of being described so, it definitively becomes art.

Being art doesn't necessarily imply any particular meaning or value for "you". I would define Damien Hearst's bisected quadrupeds as art. I see intellectual and philosophical interest in them. They do f*** all for me personally, and I would rather have a nice bit of driftwood ... but they are still art, because I think they are. (So, of course, does the capital art market, which gives them separate consensual existence as art).

Dr C describes himself as "a label sort of guy". Most of us, I think, are – it's the price we pay for the manifold benefits of the Enlightenment. But labels are not what they describe: and vice versa. The more precisely we define the label, the more we lose our grip on that which it describes. A completely and precisely defined label would describe nothing at all: that's the nature of natural language. So it is with art.

Art is art because somebody believes it to be. Beyond that lie arguments about precisely how many angels can dance upon a pin.


Previous related rants:

Strictly for the birds

Unreal nature has just used the wonderful word "anthropomorally" in connection with human attitudes to the eating of songbirds by blue jays. I responded with a comment about it being interesting that humans are anthropomorally revulsed by birds eating birds but not mammals eating mammals. We are not talking of avian cannibalism here (there may be biological justifications for cannibalism taboos) but the equivalent, for example, of a human eating rabbit or venison. (For the record, before anyone asks: though not choosing to do it myself, I have no objection in principle to a human eating rabbit or venison.)

The train of thought led me to Chapter 10 in Michael Chabon's The final solution, where the narrative shifts into the internal voice of Bruno the parrot. Bruno, through Chabon's pen, exhibits a revulsion which (I hypothesise from no firm basis whatsoever) he probably would not really feel. Normally this would irritate me but Chabon uses it to such literary effect that I freely forgive him. Here is a large chunk of chapter 10 – not just the bits relevant to anthropomorality, but enough to give a flavour of the whole.

"He had seen madmen: the man who smelled of boiled bird-flesh was going mad.

He knew the smell of bird-flesh, for they ate it. They ate anything. The knowledge that the men of his home forests would burn and eat with relish the flesh of his own kind was a stark feature of his ancestral lore. In the first days of his captivity the contemplation of their bloody diet and the likelihood that he was being kept by them against the satiation of some future hunger so troubled and revolted him that he had fallen silent and chewed a bald place in the feathers of his breast. By now he was long accustomed to the horror of their appetites, and he had lost the fear of being eaten; in so far as he had observed them, these men, pale creatures, though they devoured birds in cruel abundance and variety, arbitrarily exempted his kind from slaughter. The bird they ate most often was the kurcze Hahne poulet chicken kip, and it was this odour, of a chicken slaughtered and boiled in water with carrots and onions, that, for some reason, the man who was going mad exuded, even though he never appeared to eat anything more than toast and tinned sardines.

In the Dutchman's house, by the harbour, on the island of his hatching, when he still feared the fires and teeth of these terrible apes with their strange, beguiling songs, he had gone, he supposed, slightly mad himself. As he watched the boiled-chicken man, Kalb, stalk back and forth across the room, hour after hour, the pelt of his head disordered, the pelt of his face grown thick, singing softly to himself, the parrot would creep, in unwilling sympathy, from one end to the other of his perch, and feel a certain comfort in so doing, and recall how, in those first fearful months with the Dutchman, he had passed hours making the same short journey, back and forth, silently chewing on his own plumage until he bled.

He had seen madmen. The Dutchman had gone mad, in fact; had killed with the knotted-up bones of his hands the girl who shared his bed, then drunk his own death in a glass of whisky spoilt by the worst-smelling substance that Bruno had yet encountered in his long life among men and their remarkable vocabulary of stenches. Whisky had a stench of its own, but it was one that Bruno during the later time of his tenure with le Colonel had learned to appreciate. (It had been ages now since anyone had offered whisky to Bruno. The boy and his family never drank it at all, and though he had often detected its acrid flavour on the breath and clothing of Poor Reggie, he had never actually seen Poor Reggie with a glass or bottle of the stuff in his hand.) Le Colonel had his bouts of madness, too, silent, lasting glooms into which he sank so far that his songlessness Bruno experienced as a kind of sorrow, though it was nothing like the sorrow that he felt now, having lost his boy, Linus, who sang in secret, to Bruno alone.

It was one of Linus's old songs, the train song, that was driving Kalb mad, in a way Bruno did not entirely understand but which he appreciated and, it must be admitted, even encouraged. Kalb would come to stand before Bruno on his perch, with a sheet of paper in one hand and a pencil in the other, and beg him to sing the train song, the song of the long rolling cars. The room was filled with sheets of paper that the man had covered with claw marks, marks that Bruno understood to represent, in a manner whose principles he grasped but had never learned to master, the elements, simple and infectious, of the train song. Sometimes when the man left the room they shared, he would return with a small blue bundle of folded paper, which he tore open as if it were food and voided hungrily of its contents. Invariably and to Bruno's bemused annoyance these contents turned out to be yet another sheet of little marks. And then the pleas and threats would begin again.

The man was standing there now, shoeless, shirtless, with just such a torn blue sheet of claw marks in his hand, muttering. He had come in not long before, breathing heavily from his climb up the steps of the high room, and exuding powerfully his characteristic smell of murdered and boiled bird.

'The routing prefix,' he kept saying to himself, bitterly, in the language of the boy and his family. This man could also speak in the language of Poor Reggie and his family, and once there had been a visitor – their single visitor – with whom the madman had easily conversed in the language of Wierzbicka, whose memory Bruno would always reverence, because it was Wierzbicka the sad-voiced little tailor who had sold Bruno to the boy's family, in a transfer that Bruno had experienced, without quite knowing it at the time but thereafter retrospectively and certainly since losing Linus, as the sense and fulfilment of his long life's pointless wanderings.

'There is no fucking prefix,' Kalb said. He lowered the sheet of blue paper and fixed his madman's gaze on Bruno. Bruno set his head to an angle that, among his own kind, would have been understood as an eloquent expression of sardonic intransigence, and waited.

'How about some letters, for a change?' the man said. 'Don't you know any letters?'

Letters was in fact a concept that he grasped, or at any rate one that he recognized; it was the name of the bright bundles of paper that men ripped open so ravenously and watched so hopelessly with their darting white eyes.

'Alphabet?' Kalb tried. 'A-B-C?'

Bruno held his head steady, but his pulse quickened at the sound. He was fond of alphabets; they were intensely pleasurable to sing. He remembered Linus singing his alphabet, in the tiny errant voice of his first vocalizations. The memory was poignant, and the urge to repeat his ABC bubbled and rose in Bruno until it nearly overwhelmed him, until his claws ached for the give of the boy's slim shoulder. But he remained silent.

The man blinked, breathing steadily, angrily, through his soft pale beak.

'Come on,' he said. He bared his teeth. 'Please. Please.'

The alphabet song swelled and billowed, distending Bruno's breast. As was true of all his kind there was a raw place somewhere, inside him, which singing pressed against in a way that felt very good. If he sang the alphabet song for the man, the rawness would diminish. If he sang the train song, which had lingered far longer and more vividly in his mind than any of the thousand other songs he could sing, for reasons unclear even to him but having to do with sadness, with the sadness of his captivity, of his wanderings, of his finding the boy, of the rolling trains, of the boy's Mama and Papa and the mad silence that had come over the boy when he was banished from them, then the rawness would be soothed. It was bliss to sing the train song. But the alphabet song would do. He could just sing a little of it; just the beginning. Surely that could be of no possible value to the man. He shined his staring left eye at Kalb, fighting him as he had been fighting him for weeks.

'There is no fucking prefix,' Bruno said.

The man let out a sharp soft whistle of breath, and raised his hand as if to strike the bird. Bruno had been struck before, several times over the years. He had been throttled and shaken and kicked. There were certain songs that provoked such responses in certain people, and one learned to avoid them, or in the case of a very clever bird like Bruno, to choose one's moments. It had been possible to torment le Colonel, for example, simply through the judicious repetition, in the presence of his wife, of certain choice remarks of le Colonels petite amie Mlle. Arnaud.

He raised one claw to ward off the blow. He prepared to snatch a moist chunk of flesh from the man's hand. But instead of hitting him the man turned away, and went to lie down on the bed. This was a welcome development; for if the man fell asleep, then Bruno could permit himself to sing the alphabet song, and also the train song, which he sang, of course, in the boy's secret voice, just as the boy had sung it to him, standing in the window at the back of Herr Obergruppenfuhrers house, overlooking the railroad tracks, watching the endless trains rolling off to the place where the sun came up out of the ground every day, each piece of the train bearing the special claw marks that were the interminable lyrics of the train song. Because Kalb seemed to want so badly to hear the train song, Bruno was careful now only to sing it when the man was asleep, with the instinctive and deliberate perversity that was among the virtues most highly prized by his kind. The sound of the train song, arising in the middle of the night, would jar the man from his slumber, send him scrabbling for his pencil and pad. When at last he was awake, sitting in a circle of light from the lamp with pencil clutched in his fingers, then - of course - Bruno would leave off singing. Night after night, this performance was repeated. Bruno had seen men driven mad, beginning with that Dutchman on the island of Ferdinand Po, in the heat, with the endless humming of the cicadas. He knew how it was done..."


  • Michael Chabon, The final solution. 2005, London: Fourth Estate, 0007196024 (hbk) and 2006, London: Harper Perennial, 9780007196036 (pbk.)
  • 28 May 2009

    The hunger games

    A little while back, Watoosa of The conscience puddingmentioned (“The evil that men do...”) two books read in conjunction. With one of them, Art Spiegelman's superb two part graphic novel Maus, I was already very familiar. The other, The hunger games, a young adult novel from Suzanne Collins, was new to me.

    I've just read The hunger games (herein and after THG) at a sitting. That Watoosa links it with Maus is interesting, and true, and influenced my own reading. Both are about the discontinuity between civilisation and survival, peace and war, community and self. Both THG and Watoosa's observations set me off on a tangled web of responses which I'll never be able to gather into any sort of whole here; I'll stick, for the moment, to THG itself.

    The setting is a dystopic future in which the USA has collapsed through internal strife to a small empire. “The Capitol”, somewhere in the Rockies, possesses and controls all wealth and all high technology while maintaining twelve “districts” in starvation level serfdom. For me, though quite possibly not for the author, it seems a metaphor for the position of the present day USA in relation to external client states – though it could equally well be any empire, at any time. Within each district, the population lives in a fenced towns surrounded by wilderness; venturing beyond the fence means facing death by predator (no weapons are allowed in the hands of district citizens) or the Capitol's police. The conflicts of the past have left a legacy of genetically engineered hazards and byproducts: some of them harmless, some lethal.

    The “games” of the title are a straightforward transfer of Roman gladiatorial games into the age of reality television and, as such, THG has direct links to a whole range of fiction such as Sos the rope, The continuous Katherine Mortenhoe, The iron thorn, The long walk and many others including, as Watoosa says, The running man meets Lord of the flies. As with most of those titles, there are (as Watoosa has suggested) links to other moral and philosophical questions central to present time: the list will no doubt be different for every reader but, for me, the primary concern is a critique of war and the cult of celebrity.

    From each of the twelve districts, two young people (one male, one female, aged 12-18) are chosen each year by lot and sent to the games. They are called “tributes”, not contestants: tributes from the districts to the imperial centre. They are built up and glamourised in a series of media events, then thrown into the arena – actually an section of wilderness under intensive TV coverage – from which only one is allowed to emerge alive. They are, in other words, set to kill each other for public entertainment.

    The main protagonist, Katniss (named, with explicit symbolism, for plants of the Sagittaria genus with edible tubers; her sister is Primrose), is sixteen. She lives in District 12, a mining community in the Appalachians. Since the death of her father in a mine explosion, she has been the sole support of her family whom she feeds by her illegal poaching in the wilderness beyond the fence. Her hunting skills and gathering, primarily learned from her father, centrally include an illegal long bow made by him.

    Katniss is not drawn for the games in the lottery; but her twelve year old sister is. The rules permit volunteers to replace those selected by lot, and Katniss steps forward to take Primrose's place – knowing that she must survive not only for herself but to continue keeping her family from starvation. Her male counterpart from the same district is Peeta, which presents particular additional problems: Katniss and her family owe their survival to an act of kindness by Peeta shortly after her father died and, worse still (since she may, to stay alive herself, have to kill him), she discovers that he is in love with her.

    I don't think I am giving much away by saying that Katniss does, physically, survive the arena and the games. The stuff of the story is how she does so while trying to stay human and preserve her innate decency as she puts her poaching experience to work against opponents who range from psychopaths to a frightened child very like her own sister – and, crucially, is to live with herself afterwards.

    The author handles it well; there are a couple of mildly deus ex machina moments to make it all work, but they are made perfectly believable within the context.

    There is to be a trilogy, the second part of which (Catching fire) is due out in September. I'm not sure how I feel about this. Unlike (for example) The city of Ember which rounded off a first phase satisfactorily and delivered its protagonists into a new world where I (as reader) could only ask “what next?”, THG leaves Katniss returning to the same world from which she was plucked. I can see a number of ways in which a compelling new story could be generated, and a number of existing hooks from which they could satisfactorily grow, but none of them necessarily follow as a narrative consequence of this first one. This is not, I emphasise, a criticism ofTHG: exactly the opposite, it is a consequence of how complete, satisfying and impressive THG is. It seems likely that I'll forego reading the successors; though I do wonder about the redheaded Avox...

    The thing I like best about THG is the fact that it resists any glorification of the games (though that's not always true of some Scholastic marketing, and some fan following comment) and makes clear the vicarious nature of reality spectation. The superficiality of the effete Capitol world around the games is also well observed.

    They chatter so continuously that I barely have to reply ... even though they're rattling on about the Games, it's all about how they felt when a specific event occurred. ... Everything is about them, not the dying boys and girls in the arena.

    It could all apply as much to our TV news coverage of conflicts such as that in Gaza as to openly acknowledged entertainment... which takes us back to Maus, of course.

    Thoroughly recommended.


    • Piers Anthony, Sos the rope. 1970, London: Faber. 0571091016
    • Richard Bachman (aka Stephen King), The Bachman books : four early novels. (Includes The long walkand The running man) 1996, New York: Plume. 0452277752
    • Algis Budrys, A., The iron thorn. 1969, London: Coronet. 0340043997
    • Suzanne Collins, The hunger games. 2009, London: Scholastic. 9781407109084
    • D G Compton, The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe. A novel. 1974, London: Gollancz. 0575018283
    • Jeanne DuPrau, The city of Ember. 2003, New York: Random House. 0375822739
    • William Golding, Lord of the flies. London: Faber and Faber, and 2004 (originally 1954). 0571224520
    • Art Spiegelman, Maus I : a survivor's tale : my father bleeds history. 1986, London: Penguin. 0140173153
    • Art Spiegelman, A., Maus II : a survivor's tale : and here my troubles began. 1991, New York: Pantheon. 0394556550
    • Art Spiegelman, A.M. Spiegelman, and A.M. Spiegelman II, Maus : a survivor's tale. 2003, London: Penguin. 0141014081

    26 May 2009

    The many pizzas of Onardo Avinci*

    With the slight delays inherent in email and web conversations, I'm not sure whether my Topless dancer post of Monday night had any part in triggering Ray Girvan's "Lurid covers 3: Leonardo" at JSBlog earlier this evening, or whether it was a serendipitous coincidence ... but, either way, I'm delighted by the conjunction.


    *q.v.

    25 May 2009

    Judging a sardine by its can, again

    An important aspect of Diane Arbus' social documentary portraits has always been the detailed environmental setting within which they are taken. Any viewing of the nominal subject which does not take in the background is seriously limited. I've spent more than an average amount of time studying Arbus images and, in particular, once spent a full day running a University of Texas seminar on three of them – including Topless dancer (which was interesting, with two nuns in the session).

    On Thursday last week, my partner went to the Diane Arbus exhibition at the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff. She came back with a lot of very perceptive comment on what she'd seen, including some background detail on which I'd never myself picked up. In particular, she commented on the way that a card in Topless dancer is half hidden by a curtain.

    On the left (in the pair of illustrations below) is the full image, with the card (on camera left, halfway up image, level with the dancer's elbow) circled in red. On the right is an enlargement of the card itself. (As always, click the images to see them at a larger scale.)

    Arbus - Topless Dancer - detailArbus - Topless Dancer - circled

    There is, of course, no reason whatsoever for me to be surprised that someone who makes her living as a topless dancer has a Leonardo da Vinci card in her dressing room. That I think it worth mentioning says something only about me, and about not judging books by their covers.


    • Diane Arbus, Topless dancer in her dressing room San Francisco, Cal. 1968. Silver/gelatine photograph.

    24 May 2009

    Two recommended documents

    Two recommended documents, both dated this month, from the Oxford Research Group:

    1. Klug, T., Visions of the Endgame: A strategy to bring the Israeli-Palestinian conflict swiftly to an end, in Briefing papers, 2009, London: The Fabian Society. (35pp)
      Abstract: This paper argues that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is on the verge of becoming irresolvable but that President Obama’s first term offers a final opportunity to settle it. Published as Obama meets with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu in Washington, long term Middle East observer Tony Klug outlines a three step strategy based on clear goals and effective enforcement to bring this most calamitous of conflicts to a swift and fair end.

    2. Sloboda, J., The Need to Acquire Accurate Casualty Records in NATO Operations, in Briefing papers, 2009, London: Oxford Research Group. (4pp)
      Abstract: It is extremely easy to discover the current death toll for NATO military personnel in Afghanistan since 2001; several official and unofficial sources exist. In contrast, it is virtually impossible to get a clear and uncontested account of Afghan civilian deaths. There is no agreed total and there are no comprehensive or systematic rolls of the dead. What we have instead is a chaotic jumble of incomplete, contradictory and contested data. No organisation has undertaken sustained and consistent data gathering and presentation, and so there is no agreed authoritative record, nor any widely respected body able to authenticate future claims to such authority.
      Given NATO's stated aim of protecting civilian lives, serious and objective monitoring of civilian deaths, conducted openly and transparently in all NATO-involved conflicts, is a indispensable component of accounting to the citizens of NATO member countries and the countries in which NATO intervenes.
      This paper is based on a presentation to the NATO Shadow Conference "Strategies, Options and Solutions for NATO Reform: Towards a New Strategic Concept in 2010" organised by BASIC, ISIS Europe, NATO Watch and Bertelsmann Stiftung on 31 March 2009 in Brussels.

    Both downloadable as PDFs from here.

    22 May 2009

    Superhero(in)es wot I have(n't) known

    As regular readers over a period will know, I have an ambivalent attitude to blog post comments; I won't revisit the reasons, but I do have to admit that they sometime sprout discussion that wouldn't happen in any other way. One example is the slow burning discussion in comments to Kookaburras and other fossils, where Dr C and Poor Pothecary (Ray Girvan of JSBlog) have provided not only food for thought on the longitudinal "glue function" of communicative artefacts but also a continuation of Wonder Woman by other means.

    I look forward to any posts in which Dr C might expand on his observations, and also to Ray's suggestion that he may post something on how radical the superheroine must have been in the 1940s.

    I am of a similar, though not identical, "vintage" (his word) to Ray. The existence of superheroines was, in the abstract, as much a matter of established fact for me as superheroes. Not that I particularly noticed either. I saw the TV version of Superman, the comic versions of Marvel Man, Marvel Woman, Spiderman, Superman, Superwoman, Super Girl, but none of them made very much impact on my view of world or (apart from a brief summer month at age nine when, in yellow tee shirt and red underpants, I became Marvel Man) self. I was more a Robin Hood or William Tell sort of kid – same superhero mindset, of course, but more interested in leafy glades and mountainsides than urban skyscapes.

    In my very patchy state of ignorance on the subject, and with zero research to fill the gaps, my adult gut responses are three. First is an aversion to the whole superhero concept (this has been discussed before and I won't belabour the benevolent dictator, might is right point here). Second comes a dislike for gender differentiation of nouns which ought to be gender neutral (actor/actress, hero/heroine), suggesting that the male is the norm and the female a special case. Third, related to the second, is the fact that Superwoman's lack of evolutionary survival compared to Super Girl illustrates another patriarchal use of language (for men, after puberty, "boy" is generally a belittling term; women are widely referred to by the juvenile "girl" for much of their lives).

    I know nothing whatsoever about Wonder Woman, beyond what I have read in exchanges between Ray and Dr C ... but the adult name wins my provisional approval.

    19 May 2009

    Seek and ye shall find

    I've been playing with Wolfram's Alpha computable data search (or "computational knowledge") engine.

    It's an educational gift. Try typing in:

    ...or...

    Judging a sardine by its can

    Both JSBlog and DrC have mentioned the strange covers which adorn some fiction paperbacks; both draw their examples from science fiction. Neither mentioned film posters, which were very similar – consider, for example, the semiotically similar images used to publicise The day the earth stood still and King Kong.

    On the covers of SF paperbacks, a frequent feature was a young woman in stylised pose wearing a costume which served no discernible purpose beyond attracting the viewer's eye to her erogenous zones. An example which I particularly remember was Heinlein's Podkayne of Mars which, in the version I read (illustration on the left), appeared to show the protagonist clutching a crystal ball whilst standing on one leg, examining the horizon, and being molested by a green octopus (this may or may not relate in some way to Unreal nature's post on Isabella Rossellini; I wouldn't know).

    A quick Google image search reveals numerous other covers including, to be fair, a range of approaches ... from a skinny rib disco Podkayne whose handbag can also be used as a large padlock to the one also shown here (right) which sees our heroine as a latter day Alice in Wonderland.

    As an aside, I seem to remember that the Podkayne storyline includes nuclear device which goes well beyond the rumoured “suitcase nuke”. It comes a s small package which can be hidden amongst the sundry travel items within an eleven year old boy's carry on luggage.

    Unreal nature has a related post, considering book cover depiction of male stereotypes.


    • Robert A Heinlein, Podkayne of Mars, her life and times. 1963, New York,: Putnam.


    The endless cycle

    So ... the long civil war in Sri Lanka is apparently over, with military victory of the government over the LTTE (Tamil Tigers) insurgency.

    No tears for the LTTE, which has shown the worst excesses of human rights abuse over its quarter century campaign. But let's not forget, in the shadow of that blight, that the government has its own grim history of abuses. Nor the tens of thousands dead, nor hundreds of thousands injured and displaced.

    And let's not forget, in the longer term, that the origin of this human disaster lay (as it almost always does) in repression and injustice. Unless the Tamil population are, in the aftermath of military victory, embraced as full and equal parts of a single civil society, their legitimate grievances fully and effectively addressed, the whole cycle will just start over again.

    Always and everywhere, if "we" push "them" to the point of desperation where "they" take up arms against "us", then "we" carry much of the burden of responsibility for what follows.

    18 May 2009

    Just one sequence after another...

    Synchronicity again.

    Having written yesterday about sequences, I dropped in this morning on the new one week exhibition at Photographique (to anyone passing within reach of Bristol, UK, I recommend a visit).

    There I found Martin Edwards' "multisequence" piece (my word, not his): an assembly of numerous frame sequences into a single matrix. That's it, on the left. Unlike my deliberately selected frames, Martin has gone for automated timing as he walks around the city.

    Also in the show was an assembled single frame sequence (above) by Shell Lawrence in which temporally separate images of a street artist are overlaid semitransparently on the totality of the work he's creating.

    The size at which they are shown on this page does neither piece justice; both will expand to a better view if double clicked.

    While at Photographique, stop off on the entrance level to look at Judith Acland's intriguing "A fisheye view".

    17 May 2009

    Just one thing after another


    My mother has a six by four matrix of twenty four postcard sized black and white photographs which I took of my youngest brother. I was twenty one years old, at the time; he was was nine. A long time ago. He was learning to head a soccer ball, and the images focus on his facial expressions which range from totally focused determination to astonishment and "ouch!"

    I was then, as now, very interested in sequential image matrices. It's not the first deliberate "sequence portrait" I made (that would have been my fellow student and girlfriend at the time, Yulia, ignoring me utterly as she concentrated on a painting in progress) but it was certainly a very early one and perhaps the oldest that survives (Yulia's current whereabouts, and whether or not she still has that matrix, I do not know).

    In my own practice I am, for the most part, very much a "straight" photographer[1] in the documentarist tradition. What fascinates me about sequences of images is the combination of two very different ways of seeing. A photograph shows a face, action, or whatever, during a single frozen moment[2], a single "slice through time". A video recording presents at least an illusion of the continuous change which is natural experience – however often you replay the video, you are always replaying the fugitive nature of temporal observation. A sequence, on the other hand, adds a longitudinal sense of change but without sacrificing the photograph's opportunity to dwell on momentary expressions and gestures which would, in a video or real life, pass too fleetingly to appreciate. My sequences are not automated ... I decide when to press the button, when not, so I end up with a very selected set of moments which are then presented together: the viewer can move back and forth at will, looking at each for as long or short a time as s/he wishes.

    A sequence also tells a story; long before I started these documentarist sequences, I was captivated by Duane Michals' storyboard constructions.

    Shown at top left here (click them if you want a larger view) are extracts from two in an occasional sequences project which I call "conversations", because I make the exposures while talking with the subject (and sometimes other people outside the frame) over a period of time. The upper set are taken from a matrix of 32 exposures made over a period of twenty minutes; the lower set 49 frames across a couple of hours. Frame size, as originally exhibited, has crept up from those postcard sized prints of three and a half decades ago: each image in the first set was a 200mm square, in the second 300 by 420.

    Any volunteers to be my next conversational victim?

    At top right, by way of comparison, is a nonconversation sequence, taken over a period of maybe a second or two. I love the closed eyes in the final frame, indicating a bliss so much at odds with my own feelings about burgers.

    Many of my most interesting sequences are not, alas, exhibitable. Last week, for example, I shot a hundred and fifty frames during a conversation with a student; but the heart breaking psychological fragility which both made the conversation necessary and makes the resulting sequence compelling also makes it unthinkable that they should ever be shown. Well – unthinkable to me, anyway ... I suppose I lack the killer instinct to be a real artist.

    1. There is, of course, no such thing as a "straight record" or a “straight photograph” or, for that matter, a “straight photographer”, but I use the term in the relaxed, day to day sense. I select the moments of exposure, select which of the resulting exposures I use or discard, but generally choose to make no modification of the resulting images beyond adjustment of tonal range along zone system principles (and very occasional cropping). I have no objection to other image modifications; I just don't, by and large, usually choose to make any use of them. Note my repeated use of “select” and “choose” – words which show that I manipulate just as much as those who use methods which I do not.

    2. Loosely and metaphorically speaking, that is. An entire thread over at Photo.net recently ranged around the extent to which the conceptually impossible dimensionless “moment” or “instant” can be said to functionally correspond (or fail to correspond) with the conversational understanding of those words and their practical photographic manifestation.

    15 May 2009

    Terrorising ourselves

    I've been thinking further, since last night's post, about the areas where I am reluctant to write in this sort of public view for fear of attracting unwelcome attention.

    Peter Laurie's Beneath the city streets contained a chapter about the effects on democracy of latent nuclear war. With the end of the cold war, we tend to forget how damaging that was. We are now, I think, in a time when democracy is seriously distorted and eroded by latent terrorism – and I include unintended psychological terrorism by organs of society and state charged with maintaining our safety or (like the press) informing us.

    Which, of course, brings me to TTMF's self answered question: "is it important that suitcase nukes are loose? Probably, but at a different level than the one I live in daily." That's the thing: balancing sensible precautions against the cost of worry. How much paranoia is worth paying for what level of reassurance about physical security?

    There is a "Chicken Little" drive in human beings to accept appalling social repression in return for (often spurious) guarantees of safety. A police state is an acceptable price as long as it's the next door neighbour who disappears in the night and not me.

    As Cecil said: "If you believe doctors, nothing is wholesome: if you believe the theologians, nothing is innocent: if you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe."

    All of which is fine, but avoids the issue of my own cowardice. So...

    I have no expert knowledge of nuclear weapons, but anyone can think critically about the general issues involved.

    Manufacturing a small nuclear device is not a scientific problem but a logistical one (how to get hold of all the necessary bits) and an engineering one (how to make it all work in a way that produces the desired level of sickening unpleasantness). Anyone with university entrance level physics (A-level in Britain) could, in principle, describe how such a device should be constructed. Anyone given the necessary components could produce some sort of nuclear reaction – it would be a messy and inefficient one, producing more heat and radiation than explosion, but it could be done. Add in experience of industrial machining (a factory lathe setter?) and some conventional explosives handling (a quarry worker?), and my guess is that this hypothetical "anyone" could fit a fairly nasty detonation at the kiloton equivalent level into a Ford Transit van. If, I repeat, they had the components to start with – oh yes, and if they didn't mind dying of radiation sickness.


    *From the 1960s the USA manufactured "special atomic demolition mines" weighing about 70kg. The USSR had compact "special mines" for human portable use. Both claim to have dismantled them again as part of the tactical arms reduction moves in the 1990s.

    **The story started with comments which General Aleksandr Lebed, a Soviet national security advisor, made in 1993

    Squashing it down to a human portable size and weight, though, would be several orders of magnitude more difficult. That would take serious expertise and facilities of several kinds which only an advanced industrial state could command. And even then, I doubt that a true "suitcase nuke" that could be carried unnoticed on the subway is possible; the term is a journalistic tag. We're almost certainly talking in reality about a "bulky, heavy, unwieldy backpack nuke".*

    Maintaining such a small device in working order would also be a problem; the nuclear core would be very close to minimum critical mass, and would deteriorate quickly. The conventional explosive driver would probably last longer, at a guess, but I wouldn't like to be the person carrying it around as time went by. The large intercontinental plutonium warheads are said to be good for more than a hundred years, but in the case of a human portable bomb my uninformed back of an envelope calculations suggest an unmaintained life of somewhere between six months and ten years. Don't put any reliance on even that vague estimate, but still ... these devices were (allegedly; the story is full of holes, contradictions and uncertainties) stolen before 1997** so their likelihood of current usability is highly questionable to say the least.

    And why do we feel that an aging, deteriorating, device in the hands of some undefined amateur zealot is more dangerous than it was in those of a highly trained GRU cell which knew exactly how to maintain it and make sure that it actually worked?

    I grew up as part of a generation psychologically crippled by fears of latent nuclear war. Today we are busy crippling ourselves in fear of people with big beards. Bombs on London transport, or an airliner flown into the World Trade Centre are no more "terrorist" than ICBMs on permanent readiness for counter city warfare. Fear of Islam or of communism is just fear of a hypothesised "other", and with it we terrorise ourselves far more than we are terrorised from outside.

    BSE, influenza pandemic, terrorism, of course these all matter. To take precautions against them is sensible. But to put them at centre stage and obsess about them is not. Let's take to heart TTMF's reminder that that they are important "at a different level than the one I live in daily". It would be far more rational for me to worry about crossing the road ... or about somebody reading this and deciding that my interest in such things is suspicious.


  • Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Letter to Lord Lytton, 15 June 1877
  • Peter Laurie, Beneath the city streets: a private enquiry into the nuclear preoccupations of government. 1970, London: Allen Lane. 0713901144
  • 14 May 2009

    Confessions of a coward in the information age

    TTMF yesterday followed a chain of links to finish on missing Soviet "suitcase nukes".

    As a result, I followed a chain of mental links from there, and felt a need to write an answer, or perhaps more accurately a continuation in response.

    But, as I thought about what I might say, I began to feel uneasy ... paranoid ... I feared what attention I might attract.

    So I wrote nothing. Which makes me uncomfortable.

    13 May 2009

    Wolfram Mathematica Home Edition

    I have from time to time argued that 'mathematical literacy' and intellectual productivity could (and should) be radically altered by wide social access to good, easy to use, computer algebra power tools. Quite apart from anything else, science needs a next generation which is familiar with computerised mathematics. Wolfram, to its credit, has made several explorations in this direction – notably Mathematical Explorer, which presented big ideas from the history of mathematics through an exploratory interface and A New Kind of Science Explorer, which invites users to play with the ideas put forward in Stephen Wolfram's book. There was also Calculation Center, which offered a 'lite' version of Mathematica itself.

    With release of the Home Edition, Wolfram goes further and places the entire full Mathematica product in the hands of private individual users at an affordable price. [more...]

    12 May 2009

    Kookaburras and other fossils

    For reasons which remain slightly unclear to me, and which I will not bother to retrace, I found myself discussing with a group of British teenagers the following song fragment:

    Kookaburra sits in the old gum tree
    King of the whole wide bush is he.
    Laugh! Kookaburra, laugh!
    How gay your life must be.

    It was entirely impenetrable to them. In terms of overall meaning, it may almost as well have been written in Sanskrit.

    A lot of it is down to geohistorical context. Three key words in there, though derived from rural experience, would make perfect sense to an Australian of their age, however urban: kookaburra (a bird, whose cry sounds like wild laughter), gum (eucalyptus), and bush (wild, open, extensive, semidesert scrubland).

    One word, though, is different: it has been subject to a massive signification slippage in the forty years which separate these young people from me, and it leads them to misconstrue the one line which they think they understand.

    They know only two meanings for the word 'gay'. One is the “old, original meaning” (as one of them expressed it): homosexual. They regard that meaning as now very nearly a linguistic fossil, to be used only when talking to “teachers, and old people”. The second is the “real meaning, in real life, nowadays”: sad, embarrassing, pitiable, evoking derision. The idea that this word might once have meant joyous, happy, lively, bright, colourful, playful, merry, pleasure-loving, etc, met with total incomprehension. No, they had never heard of that. Was I sure? Was it Shakespearean?

    Long ago, in several FidoNet "echoes" (discussion forums) I met a stimulating contributor called John Marks. He responded to my own belief that we should modify linguistic usage to correct historical injustice that he deplored the "truncation of language". That's a good formulation. I have no problem with enrichment by newer meanings; but the idea that an old one is being so rapidly lost saddens me.

    There is a more practical issue, though. One meaning lost is neither here nor there; but if language loses many significations that rapidly, a discontinuity arises not just between usage and older literature (which has always happened) but also that written within the lifetime of the reader.

    Intending illustration of usage, I quoted to "my" teenagers the opening lines of a Tom Springfield song, Island of Dreams:

    I wandered the streets
    And the gay crowded places
    Trying to forget you...

    They understood this to mean depressing crowded places – the places were not happy to their inhabitants, having become (through pathetic fallacy) unhappy to everyone at large because of the narrator's loss.

    Literature (in its widest sense which includes blogs, kookaburras and Tom Springfield), already evolving rapidly in many other ways, is a collective memory store and one of the glues which hold modern societies together. The "memory store" function has already migrated wholesale from the library to the web, but that's OK; text on screen is literature just as much as text on paper. But if the language of which it is composed loses its coherence at a fundamental signification level, the longitudinal "glue" function will greatly weaken. Presumably, new ones will evolve.

    11 May 2009

    PDF3D

    PDF3D, from Visual Technology Services, has been around for a while and release 1.8 is now (as I write this) current. It provides a route for the transfer of 3D output from an originating application into the U3D form suitable for PDF embedding.This is not a one-click mass market distiller, rather an SDK for developers to use in providing PDF output from their own applications. It comes as a C++ library, and you need to put in time on the learning curve to make use of it in your own context. Having said that, I am a complete C++ dunce, but managed to sort my way through it without stress and with only one phone call to a friend. [more...]

    10 May 2009

    How to steal Steve Wheeler's heart


    So impressed was I by the candy hearts illustrating the "My e-learning philosophy" post at Learning with 'e's (now that's what I call educational technology!) that I went in search of the candy heart generator which had produced them, determined to have one of my own.

    For the words, you must blame Unreal Nature, Photosynthesis and JSBlog...

    And the signifieds butt heads with the signifiers...

    Unreal Nature posts (here, and here, for example) raises once again the hardy perennials of "straight record" (which we are agreed is a nonexistent phantasm) and, more generally, the slippages of relation between signified and signifier.

    I don't intend to go anywhere down that road, on this occasion. I mention it only because I have last night and today received an interesting illustration of the very different ways in which my "composition of mental objects", transcribed to page or screen, is reconstructed in the minds of my audience.

    Six days ago, I took the photograph at the top left of this post. Because this has been a frenetically busy week I didn't send get around to out any of the week's Today pictures to its subscription list until, in a belated catch up, last night – hence the flow of responses now.

    I won't trouble you with pointless (and inevitably unsuccessful) attempts to explain my own reasons for taking it, nor the composition of (my own) mental objects which it represents. I will, however, offer you the first three responses in the order I received them:

    1. Invisibility is a great disguise when attempting to climb the neighbor's garden patch fence.

    2. This one brings tears to my eyes – literally. Not that this photo has a grim message. It is a good shot, in fact.
      Back in the winter of 1941, there was a full page picture in a local newspaper that I will never, ever forget. It was [...] shot in Russia. It was Christmas Eve. With nothing but a barbed wire fence in the middle of a snow and ice covered field, a soldier [...] hung on that fence. I see that scene as though it were yesterday.
      Strange how the mind retrieves the past so quickly with a simple blue glove. I was a mere child in '41! The impact, indeed, must have been a powerful one to stay with me these hundred years.
      Tried to retrieve the photo [...] no luck. It may have been an AP or similar.

    3. 'Somebody Loves Me,
      I wonder who?'

    I love getting these responses back from other minds, like postcards which offer me tantalising glimpses of the ways in which my own compositions of mental objects transmute as their imperfect photographic record crosses the frontiers into unattainably fabulous and distant other lands.




    Addendum, a couple of hours later: a thread has been running for a while in Photo.net's Philosophy of Photography forum, some of which has touched on this topic. A contribution from Fred Goldsmith just came in, and is a good example; I quote only the most immediately relevant part of it here:

    "On a recent photo of mine, a friend wrote that he found it evocative but couldn't put his finger on what it evoked. I've had that sort of experience with photographs. I think there's something beyond representation going on there. Listening to Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, I may sense fate knocking at the door, yet Beethoven may very well have heard a child bang on the table in four successive beats and been moved by that to crank out a tune. Though I may experience, even hear, fate, I don't think it would be fair to say that fate has been represented. A subject of a portrait and I, together, may come upon a certain pose that works. That pose may simply feel right at the moment, very often the more significant aspect of the process of making a photograph than the actual meaning of what is being done. Viewers may see elements of dance in that pose, may interpret it as an ominous pose or a sweet pose, etc. I may simply have responded to the visual ease of the pose or the intensity of it, I may have liked how a shadow got created by the arms and legs. The viewer is, of course, legitimately seeing and feeling what he is seeing and feeling. But, in this case, has dance or any of what the viewer interprets been represented? I think there is not necessarily, though there may often be, such a direct translation from photographer through photograph to viewer as the word "representation" suggests. Many photographs are effective because they are illusions, semblances rather than representations. The expressiveness of a certain type of photograph may be more significant than its representational meaning."


    • Post title taken from Joanna Newsome, The milk-eyed mender, "This side of the blue". 2004, Chicago: Drag City. DC263CD.

      And the signifieds butt heads with the signifiers
      And we all fall down slack-jawed to marvel at words
      While across the sky sheet the impossible birds
      In a steady, illiterate movement homewards

    09 May 2009

    The paradox of Israel's pursuit of might

    That's the apt title given on the Guardian's website to a trimmed version of a Leonard Stein lecture by Max Hastings. In today's paper edition it was titled "How I fell out of love with Israel", which sounds dramatic but sells the lecture a little short. The original lecture title was "The limits of force in the Middle East".

    As a critical friend, I recommend any one of them.

    Original full text "The limits of force in the Middle East" (PDF)

    Trimmed web site version "The paradox of Israel's pursuit of might"

    Print version: "How I fell out of love with Israel" in The Guardian, 2009-05-09, p.24

    08 May 2009

    Here I sit, beneath the cloud...

    "I sit here moving my fingers on the computer keys, burning up the ATP. I am an inferno. A tiny child of the sun."

    Those lines are taken from Unreal Nature's 8·31 minutes, three days ago – mostly because they are so beautiful that I wanted an excuse to quote them. Note that they are grounded in Sunshine Yellow (not to be confused with food additive E110...) rather than my usual Growlery Green.

    Today is also bathed in sunshine yellow, here, as I work from home for the day. So, having done a good three productive hours and stopped for a break, I thought I would amble around to the CoOp and pick up a loaf of bread.

    There is an old English country saying: "Ne'er cast a clout 'til May be out". This used to puzzle me as a child, since the word clout now means a blow (as in "I gave him a clout round the ear for his impudence"), but in older usage it meant a cloth or a coat ... so the saying, roughly translated, is "Never leave your coat at home until after the end of May".

    Cloutless, I set off up the road. About a hundred metres from home, the sunshine disappeared and a huge great nimbus cloud filled the sky out over the bay. A stiff icy wind whistled up out of nowhere, carrying a heavy load of hailstones at 45 degrees. I pulled up the hood of my sweatshirt and took shelter against a wall, waiting for it to blow over ... but it didn't. I decided to make a run for the CoOp ... but after another twenty metres the hail gave way to driving rain. Home was still much closer than the CoOp so, drenched to the skin, I turned back.

    And the moral is ... listen to old saws, and carry your clout with you even on the shortest trip on the loveliest of May days.

    It's now sunny again. The wind has gone, the rain evaporated, the cloud disappeared from a wall to wall blue sky.

    I sit here moving my fingers on the computer keys, burning up the ATP. I am a puddle. A tiny child of the rain.

    04 May 2009

    Persistence of (inner) vision

    Unreal Nature (how appropriate that title is, in an entirely different way from usual, in this context...) has just posted "Visual Lies":

    ...what we can’t see affects our attitude toward those things — even though that re-presentation is often mostly or entirely fictional. For example, Wikipedia has this illustration of the current H1N1 flu...

    I wouldn't go so far as "lies" myself; I prefer metaphors (after all, I deal in constructed metaphoric representations myself – as does Ms Heyward) ... but the essence is undeniable. It extends the signifier/signified confusion in spoken language (about which I've been musing as I frame a reply to "The Russian sense of blueness"), and it does indeed drift into deliberate untruth in areas such as political propaganda or sales advertising.

    It interests me how far such presentations are subject to prolonged mental "persistence of vision".

    For example ... with my professional head on, I visualise an atom (if at all) as a set of symbolic informational constructs. I have not, for about four and a half decades, believed that an atom is the microscopic solar system with a large raspberry at the centre orbited by assorted peas and blackcurrants on fine wire pathways. And yet ... when I hear the word "atom" in casual conversation during everyday real life, it's the raspberry which comes first to mind.

    Chemical structures are another example; "CO2" immediately brings to mind a large black bead with four hooks to which two white balls (two hooks apiece) are linked ... an image of valence bonds offered to me at age thirteen or fourteen.

    And viruses? Usually, in my mind, viruses appear as the compact round ended cylinders (rather like seamless medicine capsules) shown in Look and learn, circa 1964.