25 October 2011

More acid drops

It seems to be a drug fuelled (textually, that is; not literally unless you count caffeine) week at the Growlery.

The day before yesterday, I wrote in passing of Aldous Huxley's experiments with perception alteration through use of mescaline and other substances. Today, entirely without connection to my last two posts, of which she was unaware, my friend Agnieszka has (in an entirely separate cultural research context) just sent me an email full of information on similar experiments by the artist and philosopher Witkacy. Using everything from coffee to peyote (the principle psychoactive compound in which is mescaline), Witkacy documented his explorations partly in visual art marked with coded notation.

23 October 2011

Acid drop echoes

In commenting on Friday's "Acid drop" post, Geoff Powell mentions Aldous Huxley's Doors to perception and Dr C quotes from T S Eliot's The love song of J Alfred Prufrock. Both are curiously appropriate.

At the time of "acid drop" I was in the middle of my A-levels (for non British readers: a two year examination course usually taken from aged 16-18) – specifically, A-level English Literature. Prominent amongst the texts on the course were Huxley's Brave new world (which necessitated reading of other Huxley in general, including The island in particular and therefore, by extension, Doors to perception) and Eliot's poetry (explicitly including Prufrock).

Prufrock affected me deeply; not only in its own right, but in its unifying echoes down the halls of wider literature from Dante to Joyce. The particular phrase quoted by Dr C ("I should have been a pair of ragged claws...") caught in my imagination with especial force; in 1968 and 1969 I worked on a whole series of photomontages which sought to express what those words moved in me. And I have (not surprisingly, within my own psychology, though I am surprised to hear Dr C echoing it) often heard them clattering around my memories of the acid drop.

I had read Huxley's Island and Doors before that night on the beach and, being a teenager, drew from both a romantic view of chemically altered perception. Having a bad trip put an end to that rose tinted romantic view – perhaps unfairly, perhaps equally unrealistically, but certainly and definitively – for a long time. As an adult, I've often considered the issue with an intellectually open mind (and realised that a good trip would have had the opposite effect) but never remotely approached willingness to experiment with it in practice.

Literature never goes away; it's one of those graces which entwine with the roots of being, enriching and nourishing and informing, for life. Part of its ongoing wonder, though, is the fact that it goes on delivering slow burn surprises for ever. Though both Huxley and Eliot have both been linked to the acid drop incident in my mental attic, they have never connected through it to each other – until, courtesy of Geoff and Dr C, now.


  • Aldous Huxley,
    • Doors to perception, 1954, London: Chatto and Windus [current: 2004, London: Vintage. 9780099458203 (pbk)]
    • Brave new world, 1932, London: Chatto and Windus. [current: 2007, London: Vintage. 9780099518471 (pbk)]
    • The island, 1962, New York: Harper Brothers [current: 2008, London; Vintage. 9780099477778 (pbk)]
  • T S Eliot, Prufrock, and other observations. 1917, London: The Egoist. [current: several versions including complete and selected poems collections and also as The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock, 2008, Warwick: Greville Press. 9780955915123 (pbk)]

22 October 2011

Sword into ploughshares

I'm receiving a number of responses to Thursday's "Sic gloria transit Qaddafi" post. Most of them, as with my "shades of grey" post back in April, have been disagreeing with me in both directions ... and often by the same people, all of whose opinions I deeply respect and to a greater or lesser extent share.

Geoff Powell, for example, writes:

Once again we rejoice over our equally barbaric behaviour.
Once again we have created mayhem for money.
Now, if the patterns of the past are followed, all the stupid greedy people will fight over the spoils. Aided by us of course - our "private" army in Iraq.
I feel deeply ashamed and aplogise to those we shred.
It does sicken me the way our "leaders" - squeaky shiny clean school boys - are but puppets of the money makers and brain wash the "plebs" who will bleat away in front of the "telly" soaps and shite and will bleat to the drum of stupidity. No wonder I feel somewhat alone in this madness.

I agree with much of that. The trouble is, there are other considerations.

I'll start by looking back to last April. Can I, hand on heart, having seen the death and destruction which has occurred in the intervening six months, say that it would have been better to let Qaddafi and his regime inflict even greater genocidal carnage on his civilian population, not only during that time but on into the future? Answer: no, can't.

I don't doubt that the motives for intervention were (to put it generously) mixed. But that doesn't alter the fact that if the intervention hadn't happened, the ongoing toll across a range from torture to loss of life would have been even greater ... and continuing still. Neither Britain's David Cameron nor France's Nicolas Sarkozi are figures to whom I can give my political support; but in a situation where there were no right choices, and every possible course of action would be murky and dishonourable, I am forced to confess that I think they made the choice which was least despicable.

What choices they make next is a different matter, for which they must be held to separate account.

This was not analogous to Iraq, which I condemn without reservation. In Libya, popular uprising had already started. It was, perhaps, more analogous to Kosovo: an intervention to protect a population from massacre which I also supported on principle, though the means (air strikes against urban infrastructures in Belgrade rather than against the forces conducting the massacres) I could not.

I am sickened by what has happened since April; but I would be even more sickened if we had turned our backs and let even worse occur.

On, now, to the present, and the manner of Qaddafi's death, on which Geoff says:

From Robert Fisk in "The Independent" –

" It's an ill wind, etc. Today my thoughts are not with the Gaddafi family but with Bassam and Saniya al-Ghossain, whose daughter Raafat was killed in Libya on 15 April 1986.

She was the victim of President Reagan's insane air raids on Tripoli – in revenge for the killing of an American serviceman in Berlin, by a bomb planted by one of Gaddafi's lunatics. I was present at her funeral in Libya and have got to know her parents very well over the years since then. They are among my best friends in Beirut. I had lunch with them yesterday. And do you know what Saniya said about Gaddafi's violent demise? "I am against these things. I am against all murder and killing."

I feel the same way; the mentally ill ( have I ever met a sane person in my life older than a few days/weeks ? ) should be cared for not brutally treated

In principle, again, I absolutely agree. I cannot, sitting here in a comfortable first world liberal democracy armchair, condone what seems to have happened.

But ... in practice ... nor can I put my hand on my heart and say that, if I were a Libyan citizen rebel, pumped up by adrenalin, brutalised by combat, astonished to still be alive after a firefight, perhaps the sole survivor of a family killed or worse by Qaddafi's regime, I might not in the heat of the moment have behaved just as badly.

It would have been better if Qaddafi had been arrested, and at least brought to trial if not placed in a place of care for the mentally ill. But, at the same time, it was nobody but he and his supporters who created the situation which led to his end on Thursday. “As ye sow, so shall ye reap”, as Jermiah 23 has it ... or, switching to Matthew 26, “all who take the sword will perish by the sword”. I'm not given to biblical quotations, normally, but those two do describe reality. Alas, they don't stop at description of murderous dictators; they describe what follows the downfall of those murderous dictators, too. Libya has now to turn away from the sword, and sow peace, if it is to move on into a better world than Qaddafi's. The madness which Qaddafi created, and which killed him on a road in Sirte,has to end with his death if Libya is not to become another Zimbabwe. What has happened up to now is, in my opinion though not in Geoff's, down to Qaddafi; what happens next, for good or for ill, is down to those (in Libya and outside it) who have deposed him.

21 October 2011

Acid drop (...and subverted Friday crab blogging...)

Personal nostalgia alert ... and an apology to Dr C for dragging his Friday Crab Blogging series into disrepute.
A chance combination of circumstances have, over the past two weeks, involved me in an unusually intensive and prolonged series of conversations around the analysis of data on substance abuse. I've found myself thinking how strange it is that someone who has so little experience of the issue should be so involved in making pronouncements about it.
Many years ago, for reasons which now escape me, I found myself talking to an elderly woman in a small rural village about Israel. "Oh", she said, to my bafflement, "they do like their LSD there, don't they?" Such was my naïvety at the time that I recognised neither the antisemitism (which would have horrified me if I had realised what it was) nor the meaning in context of LSD (an abbreviation for Britain's pre-decimalisation currency). I stood there, hiding my puzzlement at why she should think that Israelis were particularly fond of lysergic acid diethylamide.
I've never felt any inclination to do drugs. There was one accident a long time ago, at school; there have been some supervised official trials later in life; I got mildly stoned on other people's smoke, from time to time in the early 70s; but no actual use. Some of my friends, yes; me, no. Not from virtue; my sense of rebellious adventure just couldn't overcome my reluctance to surrender self control. In other words, I'm boring.
One accident a long time ago ... perhaps accident is the wrong word; but it was certainly unwitting on my part. It also played a crucial part in my subsequent reluctance to experiment further.
I was in the last year of school. I'd been dancing with Maryjane Peterson (all names have, of course, have been changed beyond recognition) in Galli Mavri, a night club in the long wall. I had allowed myself to fantasise at an unrealistically hopeful level, and was now feeling tragic. I also had a headache. Danny Whelan offered me an aspirin. It was a funny looking aspirin; much smaller than most, so I asked if he had two; he laughed, and gave me another. I went to find a glass of water.
Danny was with Maryjane's best friend, Brenda Williams. In retrospect, that was the first night of the rest of their lives together which is a romantic thought; but at the time it was just an uncomfortable coincidence – I probably had the dubious distinction of being Brenda's last fling before Danny. "Fling", on second thoughts, overdignifies our encounter. It was very short, taking place in the half hour break between Physics and Double Maths. It was conducted in some discomfort, amidst the disorganised clutter of the sports equipment storage hut. And it ended with Brenda observing, as she gazed out to sea and adjusted her clothing, “yes ... well ... I'd rather have eaten a carrot”.
That was Wednesday; on Friday, she arrived at the dance with Danny. Most of us were only surprised that this had not happened earlier. On the mysterious scales of one to ten which preoccupied conversations in the boys' and girls' locker rooms, Brenda and Danny were both up around 99. They seemed an inevitable couple.
Dancing with Maryjane, I had plucked up my nerve as the music died between numbers. It had been a slow dance, Flowers in the Rain. She hadn't moved off to dance with anyone else in the last hour. We were both hot and sticky with the exercise and the summer night. We were right next to an open door, and nobody would notice our departure. "Would you like to get some fresh air?" I asked, hopefully. She stepped back a pace, pushed her hair back out of her face, and gave a foxy grin. "Why; do you have a carrot with you?"
I ran a glass of water, swallowed Danny's aspirins, and ambled morosely down to the beach.
Galli Mavri was built into a gatehouse and several adjoining chambers in the old Moorish defensive wall around the mediaeval east coast port. Off this coast, decisive or inconclusive sea battles had been fought in wars between Greek and Persian, Greek and Greek, Venetian and Turk, British and German, man and tempest. In the centuries since the wall was built, the old harbour which it defended had silted up and a new one established down the coast. By the summer of 1969, the looming stone overlooked nothing but the lazy shifting water of Citron Bay. The doors opened out onto the road outside the wall, along which very little traffic moved unless coming to Galli Mavri itself. Beyond the road, the ground fell away through a short band of low scrub and wild melons to the white coral sand beach. The wall behind the club, betwixt it and the city, was thick enough to protect residents from the noise; even in front, once you crossed the road and dropped below its level, there was almost nothing to be heard.
I wandered a little way northwards along the beach. In the distance, in the same direction, were the lights of Ayii Irini. Under the jetty at which the town's fishermen brought in their small boats and conned the tourists, I sat down on the sand. With my back against the wooden piles I watched the splintering dance of moonlight. While I waited for the aspirin and the gentle susurration of water against wood to do their work, I mentally rehearsed different versions of myself as Tragic Hero.
Something was terribly wrong.
I was sitting inside a huge dark temple of pillars. Between the pillars, the sky was on fire: a million blazing lights which burned silver holes into my eyes. There was a vast cosmic hissing sound all about me, as an ocean breathed up and down the sand. The sand itself had become immense and world devouring; I could feel every single grain as it swelled to a glass-sharp bolder and cut its own individual pit into my skin. The universe was embalmed in an overwhelming stench of salt, tar, decayed fish. I was clad in sheets of harsh fabric, its surface a moonscape of mountains, valleys, ridges deeply indented with potholes between its crisscross fibres, abrading my flesh like sandpaper.
My feet were being boiled. I looked down, and saw the obscenely monstrous saucer shape of the crab. I knew that the crab was seeking me. When it found me it would crunch me to pulp and powdered bones in those pitiless claws. I turned my head, scanning across the crab from left to right, getting an idea of its size; the whole scan took a thousand years, and through it all I could hear the click and grind of my moving neck.
Nearer than the crab, closer to me, something moved. I looked down. Two hugely loathsome pink slugs writhed in casings of leather straps on the sand. I threw up my hands in self defence, and two more horrors flew at my face: pink, again, long and fleshy, with bundles of swollen pink jointed sausages flapping and flexing at their ends. I stopped moving. Movement attracted the creatures. Stillness was hope. I sat still. I sat still for æons, as the sea breathed and the sky burned and eternity marched its way through my head in heavy boots. As I sat, frozen, the rest of the world hammered in. My head was swelling, and in another millennium or so would burst from within. The columns of the temple groaned like overhead thunder. The sand whispered and rustled, the crab ticked like a cosmic clock, and I listened to the mountain building movements of my heart. Through it all, the intolerable fire in the sky burned on and fractured into the blazing sea.
After many lifetimes of stillness, the giants came. I heard them first, their long slow voices booming vastly along the sand, but dare not turn my head. Then the crushing slithering echo of their footsteps. Finally, they came into view. Three of them, towering above me, their heads in the fire of the sky. The one in the middle had dark-rimmed pools where eyes should be; they flashed inky black, then flared with the same inferno as sea and sky. The two on either side were women; the oceanic rise and fall inside their clothing, as they moved, generated agonising waves of desire which would shatter me into a myriad glittering shards. One of these had the star fire in her hair, the other a swirling curtain of midnight. They saw me, their noises rising in pitch as they changed direction to swoop down on me.
The one with no eyes came first, loomed close. Discovered, I abandoned my stillness strategy and tried to fend him off. The jointed sausage-things appeared again. One of them collided with the eye pools, which shattered. The other fell against my mouth and I bit it; pain roared through me. The giant reached out a sausage-thing of its own: I opened my mouth, hearing the muscles and sinews grind, and bit that too. The giant made a world splitting trumpet sound and withdrew.
One of the others, the dark haired one, also reached out, but past me on either side, out of reach, closing behind my head, pulling me into the continental softness of her front. In the sudden darkness, free of flaming sky, the smell of salt and rot swept away by a musky living scent, surrounded by the rush of a torrential bloodstream and the two-stroke double thudding of a giant heart, I found an inner point of still quiet. I was bathed in low breathy twittering giant-voiced reassurances. I cried rivers which carved valleys down my face, across the endless desert and into the fiery sea.
I am told that Astrid, Richie and Megan sat with me, held me, reassured me, for more than an hour before any of them dared leave in search of help. Galli Mavri, with the only nearby telephone, had closed; only when the last customer had left, and they stood outside locked doors on a quiet road, did my absence worry them. While others drifted off towards Ayii Irini, Astrid insisted on looking for me.
I wouldn't move until the monstrous crab was despatched. Examining the sand carefully, Richie found it – about a centimetre across, long dead, its shell empty – and carried it down to the sea. The stars were bright enough to see by, but they could make no sense of my ravings about a burning sky. Richie's hand was bruised and bleeding where I had bitten him; so was mine, where I had bitten myself. His face was cut and bruised by his broken glasses. Since I panicked at any attempt to detach me from Megan's increasingly tear-soaked cleavage, she insisted on staying attached to me until I was safely through my bad trip.
Megan and I shared a bottle of orange Fanta, every school day; by pooling our resources, we saved money on the price of two separate cans. We had almost nothing else in common. One lunch time, without comment or explanation, she gave me an LP – the Bee Gees red-flocked album, Odessa. I wasn't a Bee Gees fan, but that particular album remained one of my most treasured possessions until, many years later, I lost it in a difficult move. I have a copy on CD, now; the title song, in which the singer floats lost on an iceberg in the North Atlantic, still reminds me oddly of white-hot stars over a white sand beach. Friendship is the strangest thing. I was moved and warmed and touched and humbled to discover how deep this Fanta friendship ran.
I stood on an iceberg once. Not alone; I was with a large group, though they seemed irrelevant in the terrible desolate beauty.
Richie bore me no ill will for his mangled hand and lacerated face. He and I invented some story or other for parental consumption. For weeks afterwards he would offer me sweets, pebbles, seeds, snails, anything small and round, insisting that they were aspirin, and I would find empty crab shells in my bag.
Astrid was my best friend; but her story is a separate one, for telling elsewhere.
Danny married Brenda, and they now run a small road haulage business.

20 October 2011

Sic gloria transit Qaddafi

So; it's over.

Ugly, sordid, shameful, unedifying; but over.

Except, of course, that it's not. The people of Libya still have to pick up the pieces and try to assemble some semblance of a life from the unimaginable wreckage.

17 October 2011

Not quoting but clowning

I've had a spatter of queries about the title of yesterday's post, "Not trawling but drowning", most of them suspecting that it's a quotation they ought to know.

It's not a quotation (or not so far as I know, anyway; one can never be sure) but a subversion of one: I twisted it from the title of Stevie Smith's most widely known poem.

Not waving but drowning
(Stevie Smith, 1953)

Nobody heard him, the dead man,
But still he lay moaning:
I was much further out than you thought
And not waving but drowning.

Poor chap, he always loved larking
And now he's dead
It must have been too cold for him his heart gave way,
They said.

Oh, no no no, it was too cold always
(Still the dead one lay moaning)
I was much too far out all my life
And not waving but drowning.

16 October 2011

Not trawling but drowning

[Having finished writing this, and just as I am about to post it, I look at the accretion at its end and realise that it is going to drive Julie Heyward, who views footnotes with disfavour, to distraction. Apologies in advance, Julie.]

My fascination with the idea of drowned geographies started (back in the prehistoric days of 1977) with a Richard Cowper1: short story, Piper at the gates of dawn2. It then took a quantum leap forward when I later heard a folk song about "the trawler fleets of Trowbridge"3.

Trowbridge is a smallish town in the British county of Wiltshire. It is a fair way inland, and not near any significant body of water. The lyrics were intended as a nonsensically humorous send up of traditional sea related folk song, but they latched into my imagination and stayed there vividly. I was writing a fair amount of short fiction at that time, and tried many times to do something Cowperesque with this image of trawler fleets sailing out of a once landlocked town. It never happened, but the idea never went away, either. I have, ever since, played with maps and tried out the idea of flooding different landscapes to different contour lines – first on paper and then, in later years, digitally. To be honest, in retrospect, the maps were probably of greater interest to me4 than the nominal objective for drawing them...

All of this floods (excuse the pun) back now because I have just read Ray Girvan's JSBlog post on Floodland, which I immediately went out and bought because (a) it plays to this drowned geography weakness of mine and (b) Ray's recommendations are usually good5; it's joined the end of the "to be read" queue.

More immediately, however, I was (given this fascination of mine) obviously unable to ignore Ray's mention of a global flooding visualiser at flood.firetree.net. Hardly had I finished reading his post than I was over there and (of course!) flooding Wiltshire to see the effect on (where else?) Trowbridge.

There is, alas (or perhaps, if you are an inhabitant of Wiltshire, fortunately) no way to flood the countryside around Trowbridge to such a depth that trawlers could realistically operate out of the town. At thirty metres rise in sea level, Trowbridge would remain landlocked. At thirty five metres (the site won't do this; I had to revert to manual inspection of Ordnance Survey maps) it would acquire a coastline on a shallow lake in a wetlands region.

Despite its inland location, Trowbridge has a "Bythesea Road". At a little less than forty metres rise in sea level, this would live up to its name by becoming the town's seaside promenade.

At forty metres it would become a town on one minor arm of an inland sea (as shown in my illustration here – click it for a larger view).

At fifty, most of the town itself would be submerged, leaving two small parts of it at north east and south west on a pair of islands. At sixty metres it would disappear almost entirely, apart from a few scattered islets at the mercy of the tides just off what would now be the coast of Steeple Ashton ... in a substantial sea which would certainly support a fishing industry but not trawler fleets.

No matter ... I enjoyed the adventure of vicarious post apocalyptic disaster. Tomorrow I shall almost certainly flood somewhere else...


  1. I made no linkage then, and don't now, with J G Ballard's earlier Drowned world which, though it powerfully affected me in other ways, failed to evoke a concrete transformation of the world I know. Ballard's world was an obliterated world, not a transformed one.
  2. To answer the obvious questions: there is a clear connection with Wind in the willows, but it isn't relevant here; possibly also with the Pink Floyd album released about eight years before, though I'm not aware of it and haven't checked. There can be no direct link to Van Morrison song written about twenty years later. Pink Floyd and Van Morrison also both drew their inspiration from Wind in the willows)
  3. I can't, unfortunately, give any details of the song, as I'm unable to find any record of it ... I suspect that it was penned by the group who performed it, or by someone known to them personally, and never travelled widely enough to leave a permanent fossil record.
  4. In Tesseract (no connection with the later Alex Garland novel of very similar title), a longer fiction which I never finished but which served as the spawning ground for several shorter ones, I also tried flooding various landscapes in South Wales not with water but with time ... the further the protagonists moved from modern infrastructures like motorways or centres of population, the further back they sank into the past ... it was fun to work on. I'm a dreamer at heart.
  5. It was Ray who put me onto another superb novel in which drowned geography plays a major part: Ronald Wright's A scientific romance.

  • J G Ballard, The Drowned World. 1962, London: Victor Gollancz.
  • Richard Cowper The custodians, and other stories. 1976, London: Gollancz. 0575020962
  • Alex Garland, The tesseract. 1999, London: Penguin. 0140258426 (pbk.)

14 October 2011

Mars and the asteroids...

In the bizarrely nonsensical words from my schooldays, "Mary Voraciously Eats Mother's Jam Sandwiches Under No Protest". In case your own childhood did not include that particular mnemonic phrase, it represented the sequence of planets in order of distance outward from the sun.

Pluto has since been demoted, and new mnemonics have emerged, but that needn't trouble us here because the imaginative focus of interplanetary attention is now on Mother's Jam: that is, on Mars and Jupiter. Last year, US president Barack Obama envisaged a human landing on Mars in the mid 2030s and NASA's Ames Research Centre has jointly invested with DARPA in the idea of a one way Mars colonisation project. Russian plans over similar time frames include robotic exploration of Mars' moons. As you read this, NASA's Juno mission will be several weeks into its five year journey to Jupiter.

At a less romantic but perhaps more immediately practical level, there is also interest in the sweep of rocky space between them: the asteroid belt. On one level, it is a valuable scientific repository of "cosmological memory". At another, all exploration has, behind its heroic image, investment in the hope of economic return. The asteroids hold out the tantalising dreams of achieving that return well within a human lifetime; Mars within a century; Jupiter only in the much more distant future. Obama's vision for NASA includes not only the Mars mission but an asteroid ready heavy lift rocket design to be complete "no later than 2015", and the realities of returning from asteroid to earth orbit are trivial compared to Mars.

Mars has, of course, so far been subjected to more extensive examination than any other extraterrestrial target apart from Earth's own moon. A dozen or so programmes have, despite numerous failures, built up a knowledge base upon which projected US, European, Russian and Chinese successors plan to build over the next decade or so. The asteroids have mostly been studied remotely, usually in passing while on the way to somewhere else, but greater direct attention is now being paid to them. From an economic standpoint, they represent a potential resource for materials which would otherwise have to be lifted out of Earth's gravity well (and finite supply) at immense cost.

In all cases, however, before the economic return comes investment in study based upon huge programmes of data analysis. [More...]


Image: Orbital image of the Ma'adam Vallis flow channel, entering the Gusev crater at the top of the frame. [Source: NASA]

12 October 2011

Conversation overheard

1st woman: “So how's your Seamus, now?”

2nd woman: “Oh, he's sore bad, so he is. They say he could have died, God bless him. They're keeping him in the hospital, so they are.”

1st woman: “Sure and what is it that's wrong with him?”

2nd woman: “Oh, it's a food poisoning thing – it's chlamydia difficult, they're calling it. Well, it's difficult for him, I'm telling you...

04 October 2011

JSB tag change

For anyone who uses my sidebar to reach Ray Girvan's JSBlog, it has a new name on it's masthead and, therefore, on my list to the left: watch out, in future, for "Journal of a Southern Bookreader".

02 October 2011

Today

Act of god

The dean of Christchurch Cathedral, New Zealand, this morning, made an observation which reminds me of the views expressed, from time to time, in Jim Putnam's former TTMF blog.

The earthquake is not an act of God; it's the planet, doing what the planet does. The act of God is the response of people to the results of the earthquake.

As a nonbeliever, it's probably arrogant of me to express an opinion about believer's views of the world ... but that is one which I can, even from my very different viewpoint, understand, accept, and admire.

He was commenting in the context of plans for a new cardboard cathedral, designed by Shigeru Ban to replace the one demolished by earthquake in February of this year.


  • Sunday, BBC Radio 4. Sunday 2nd October 2011.